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Tutorial/ALF Tutorial.md 0 → 100644
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<script type="text/javascript" src="http://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script>
## ALF Tutorial ##
**Exercise 1** Running and testing the code.
Consider the one dimensional four site Hubbard model. Run the code with the Mz choice of Hubbard Stratonovitch transformation on a four site ring, at U/t=4 and inverse termperature \\( \beta t = 2 \\). For these parameter values, the exact internal energy reads: \\[ \langle -t \sum\_{\langle i,j\rangle, \sigma} c\_{i,\sigma}^{\dagger} c\_{j,\sigma}^{\phantom\dagger} + U \sum_{i=1}^{N} n\_{i,\uparrow}n\_{j,\downarrow} \rangle = -1.47261997 t \\]
Note that
$$
\begin{aligned}
\sum_{i=1}^{10} f(
\end{aligned}
$$
<img src="https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.latex?\Large&space;
x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}" title="\Large x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}"
/>
```fortran
for i=1,10 do
enddo
```
$$
\begin{aligned}
x=1
\end{aligned}
$$
$$
\begin{aligned}
\sum_{x=1}^{10}
\end{aligned}
$$
Tutorial/ALF_Tutorial.tex 0 → 100644
View file @ 51287787
% Copyright (c) 2016 The ALF project.
% This is the ALF project documentation.
% The ALF project documentation by the ALF contributors is licensed
% under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
% For the licensing details of the documentation see license.CCBYSA.
\documentclass[10pt,Arial]{scrartcl}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[margin=2.5cm]{geometry}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
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\usepackage{url}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{hyperref}
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\usepackage[framemethod=default]{mdframed}
\usepackage{showexpl}
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language=Fortran,
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\def\Tr{\mathop{\mathrm{Tr}}}
\def\Trf{\mathop{\mathrm{Tr}_{\mathrm{F}}}}
\makesavenoteenv{tabular}
\makesavenoteenv{table}
% % only for the scrartcl class:
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\setkomafont{date}{\large}
% \RedeclareSectionCommand[style=section,indent=0pt]{part}
% \renewcommand*\partformat{\thepart\autodot\enskip}
\newcommand{\mycomment}[1]{{\color{red} #1}}
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\makeindex
\begin{document}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\title{The \emph{ALF} (\emph{A}lgorithms for \emph{L}attice \emph{F}ermions) project release 1 }
\subtitle{Tutorial}
\author{ Florian Goth, Johannes S. Hofmann, Jonas Schwab, Fakher F. Assaad }
%---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\maketitle
\section*{Exercise 1) Testing against ED}
Run the code with the Mz choice of Hubbard Stratonovitch transformation on a four site ring, at $U/t=4$ and inverse temperature $ \beta t = 2 $. For this set of parameters, the exact internal energy reads:
\begin{equation}
\langle -t \sum_{\langle i,j\rangle, \sigma} c_{i,\sigma}^{\dagger} c_{j,\sigma}^{\phantom\dagger} + U \sum_{i=1}^{N} n_{i,\uparrow}n_{j,\downarrow} \rangle = -1.47261997 t
\end{equation}
To reproduce this result you will have to carry out a systematic $\Delta \tau t $ extrapolation keeping $\Delta \tau t L_{\text Trotter} = 2$ constant.
Recall that the formulation of the auxiliary field QMC approach is based on the Trotter decomposition
\begin{equation}
e^{-\Delta \tau \left( A + B \right ) } = e^{-\Delta \tau A } e^{-\Delta \tau B } + {\cal O} \left( \Delta \tau^2 \right)
\end{equation}
The overall error produced by this approximation is of the order $\Delta \tau^2 $.
\noindent
All the files you will need to run the code can be found in the directory \texttt{Exercise\_1/Start}. Beware to define one directory per run so as to avoid conflicts between different parameter sets. Such conflicts will lead to crashes.
Here is the parameter file you should use
\lstset{style=fortran}
\begin{lstlisting}
!===============================================================================
! Variables for the Hubb program
!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
&VAR_lattice
L1 = 4 ! Length in direction a_1
L2 = 1 ! Length in direction a_2
Lattice_type = "Square" ! a_1 = (1,0), a_2=(0,1), Norb=1, N_coord=2
!Lattice_type ="Honeycomb"! a_1 = (1,0), a_2 =(1/2,sqrt(3)/2), Norb=2, N_coord=3
!Model = "Hubbard_SU2" ! Sets Nf=1, N_sun=2. HS field couples to the density
Model = "Hubbard_Mz" ! Sets Nf=2, N_sun=1. HS field couples to the
! z-component of magnetization.
!Model="Hubbard_SU2_Ising"! Sets Nf_1, N_sun=2 and runs only for the square lattice
! Hubbard model coupled to transverse Ising field
/
&VAR_Hubbard ! Variables for the Hubbard model
ham_T = 1.D0 ! Hopping parameter
ham_chem= 0.D0 ! chemical potential
ham_U = 4.D0 ! Hubbard interaction
Beta = 2.D0 ! inverse temperature
dtau = 0.1D0 ! Thereby Ltrot=Beta/dtau
/
&VAR_QMC ! Variables for the QMC run
Nwrap = 10 ! Stabilization. Green functions will be computed from
! scratch after each time interval Nwrap*Dtau
NSweep = 1000 ! Number of sweeps
NBin = 10 ! Number of bins
Ltau = 1 ! 1 for calculation of time displaced Green functions;
! 0 otherwise
LOBS_ST = 1 ! Start measurements at time slice LOBS_ST
LOBS_EN = 100 ! End measurements at time slice LOBS_EN
CPU_MAX = 0.1 ! Code will stop after CPU_MAX hours.
! If not specified, code will stop after Nbin bins.
/
&VAR_errors ! Variables for analysis programs
n_skip = 2 ! Number of bins that will be skipped.
N_rebin = 1 ! Rebinning
N_Cov = 0 ! If set to 1 covariance will be computed
! for unequal time correlation functions.
/
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent
After running the program, \texttt{\$DIR/Prog/Examples.out}, run the analysis programs, \texttt{ bash analysis.sh}. Note that you have to set the environment variable \texttt{\$DIR} to the directory where the package is located. This can be done by running \texttt{. ./sentenv.sh} in the home directory of the ALF. You will find the internal energy in the file \texttt{Ener\_scalJ}. This file contains two entries: \texttt{OBS: 1} corresponds to the energy and
\texttt{OBS: 2} to the average sign.
If you want to improve the quality of the data, you can rerun the code. Before doing this be sure to move the \texttt{confout\_*} files to the \texttt{confin\_*} files. The bash script \texttt{out\_to\_in.sh} will do this for you.
Here is the result you should obtain when choosing $ \Delta \tau t = 0.05, 0.1, 0.125$.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=.8]{Figures/Ener_B2.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{ $\Delta \tau t $ extrapolation for the 4-site Hubbard ring. }
\end{figure}
\newpage
\section*{Exercise 2) Dimensional crosover. }
\subsection*{a) Modifying the hopping}
Here we will modify the code so as to allow for different hopping matrix elements along the x and y directions of a square lattice. To do so, one merely has to do the following
\begin{itemize}
\item Add an extra variable, \texttt{Ham\_Ty}, in the parameter file in the \texttt{VAR\_Hubbard} name space
\item Declare the variable \texttt{Ham\_Ty} in the \texttt{Hamiltonian\_Examples.f90 }.
\item Read in this variable in \texttt{Ham\_set} subroutine of the \texttt{Hamiltonian\_Examples.f90 } file.
\item Modify the hopping matrix in the subroutine \texttt{Ham\_Latt} in the \texttt{Hamiltonian\_Examples.f90 } file.
\lstset{style=fortran}
\begin{lstlisting}
DO I = 1, Latt%N
I1 = Latt%nnlist(I,1,0)
I2 = Latt%nnlist(I,0,1)
Op_T(nc,n)%O(I,I1) = cmplx(-Ham_T, 0.d0, kind(0.D0))
Op_T(nc,n)%O(I1,I) = cmplx(-Ham_T, 0.d0, kind(0.D0))
!!!!!! Modifications for Exercise 2 (a)
!Op_T(nc,n)%O(I,I2) = cmplx(-Ham_T, 0.d0, kind(0.D0))
!Op_T(nc,n)%O(I2,I) = cmplx(-Ham_T, 0.d0, kind(0.D0))
Op_T(nc,n)%O(I,I2) = cmplx(-Ham_Ty, 0.d0, kind(0.D0))
Op_T(nc,n)%O(I2,I) = cmplx(-Ham_Ty, 0.d0, kind(0.D0))
!!!!!!
Op_T(nc,n)%O(I ,I) = cmplx(-Ham_chem, 0.d0, kind(0.D0))
ENDDO
\end{lstlisting}
\end{itemize}
In the directory \texttt{Exercise\_2/solutions} we have duplicated the ALF and commented the changes that have to be carried out to the file
\texttt{Hamiltonian\_Examples.f90 } in the \texttt{Prog} directory.
\noindent
As an application of this code, one can consider a ladder system, defined by the parameter file:
\lstset{style=fortran}
\begin{lstlisting}
!===============================================================================
! Variables for the Hubb program
!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
&VAR_lattice
L1 = 14
L2 = 2
Lattice_type = "Square"
Model = "Hubbard_Mz" ! Hubbard_SU2, Hubbard_Mz
/
&VAR_Hubbard
ham_T = 1.0D0
!!!!!! Modifications for Exercise 2
ham_Ty = 2.0D0
!!!!!!
ham_chem= 0.0D0
ham_U = 4.0
Beta = 10.0
dtau = 0.1
/
&VAR_QMC
Nwrap = 10
NSweep = 100
NBin = 10
Ltau = 1
LOBS_ST = 1
LOBS_EN = 100
CPU_MAX = 0.1
/
&VAR_errors
n_skip = 2
N_rebin = 1
N_Cov = 0
/
! slash terminates namelist statement - DO NOT REMOVE
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent
When running the code for the above ladder system and analyzing the spin correlation functions, \texttt{SpinZ\_eqJR} and \texttt{SpinXY\_eqJR} one will notice that it is hard restore the SU(2) spin symmetry and that very long runs are required to obtain the desired equality
\begin{equation}
\langle S^{z}_{i} S^{z}_{j} \rangle = \langle S^{y}_{i} S^{y}_{j} \rangle = \langle S^{x}_{i} S^{x}_{j} \rangle.
\end{equation}
The structure of the output files \texttt{SpinZ\_eqJR} and \texttt{SpinXY\_eqJR} is described in the doucmentation.
For the Mz Hubbard-Stratonovitch transformation it is hence better to consider the improved estimator
\begin{equation}
\langle \vec{S}_{i} \cdot \vec{S}_{j} \rangle
\end{equation}
to compute the spin-spin correlations.
\subsection*{ (b) Adding a new observable}
Here the aim is to include the new observable equal time observable $\langle \vec{S}_{i} \cdot \vec{S}_{j} \rangle$ in the \texttt{Hubbard\_Mz} code.
To achieve this, you will have to carry out the following steps.
\begin{itemize}
\item In the subroutine \texttt{Alloc\_obs} in the \texttt{Hamiltonian\_example.f90} file you will have to add a new equal time observable with a call to
\texttt{Call Obser\_Latt\_make(Obs\_eq(I),Ns,Nt,No,Filename)} with \texttt{Ns = Latt\%N; No = Norb; Filename ="SpinT", Nt=1, I=5}
\item In the subroutine \texttt{Obser} you will have to add the Wick decomposition of this observable.
\end{itemize}
In the program \texttt{Hamiltonian\_Examples.f90 } to be found in the directory \texttt{Solutions/Exercise\_2/Prog/} we have commented the changes that have to be carried out to add this observable. The new variable takes the name SpinT and the results you should obtain are summarized in Fig.~\ref{Ladder.fig}.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=.8]{Figures/Ladder.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{ \label{Ladder.fig} Spin correlation functions along one leg for the Hubbard ladder. As $t_y$ grows the spin gap becomes large enough so as to detect the exponential decal of the spin correlation function on this small lattice size. The underlying physics of odd-even ladder systems is introduced in the article: Elbio Dagotto and T. M. Rice, Surprises on the way from one- to two-dimensional quantum magnets: The ladder materials, Science 271 (1996), no. 5249, 618?623. }
\end{figure}
\subsection*{ (c) The SU(2) Hubbard Stratonovitch transformation}
The SU(2) Hubbard Stratonovitch decomposition, conserves spin rotational symmetry. Run the ladder code with the SU(2) flag in the parameter file switched on (i.e. \texttt{Model = Hubbard\_SU2}) and compare results.
\newpage
\section*{ Exercise 3) Defining a new model: The one-dimensional t-V model. }
\subsection*{(a)}
In this section, one we will show what modifications have to be carried out for computing the physics of the one dimensional t-V model of spinless fermions.
\begin{equation}
H = -t \sum_{i} \left( c^{\dagger}_{i} c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i+a} + c^{\dagger}_{i+a} c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i} \right)
- \frac{V}{2} \sum_{i} \left( c^{\dagger}_{i} c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i+a} + c^{\dagger}_{i+a} c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i} \right)^2
\end{equation}
The above form is readily included in the ALF since the interaction is written in terms of a perfect square. Expanding the square yields (up to a constant) the desired model:
\begin{equation}
H = -t \sum_{i} \left( c^{\dagger}_{i} c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i+a} + c^{\dagger}_{i+a} c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i} \right)
+ V \sum_{i} \left( n_{i} - 1/2 \right) \left( n_{i+a} - 1/2 \right)
\end{equation}
In the directory \texttt{Exercise\_3/solutions} we have duplicated the ALF and commented the changes that have to be carried out to the file
\texttt{Hamiltonian\_Examples.f90 } in the \texttt{Prog} directory so as to include the t$\_$V model.
Here are the steps to be carried out.
\begin{itemize}
\item Add the $t-V$ name space in the parameter file so as to read in the appropriate variables.
\item Declare new variables in the \texttt{Hamiltonian\_Examples.f90 } file.
\item In the \texttt{Ham\_set} subroutine of the file \texttt{Hamiltonian\_Examples.f90} set and read in the parameters for the new model,
\texttt{t\_V}. For this model \texttt{NF=1} and \texttt{N\_SUN=1} since we are working with spinless fermions
\item In the \texttt{Ham\_V} subroutine you will have to add the new interaction.
For a given bond at a given time-slice, we need to decouple the interaction:
\begin{equation}
e^{\Delta \tau \frac{V}{2} \left( c^{\dagger}_{i} c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i+a} + c^{\dagger}_{i+a} c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i} \right)^2} =
\sum_{l= \pm1, \pm 2} \gamma_l e^{ \sqrt{\Delta \tau \frac{V}{2}} \eta_l \left( c^{\dagger}_{i} c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i+a} + c^{\dagger}_{i+a} c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i} \right) } = \sum_{l= \pm1, \pm 2} \gamma_l e^{ g \eta_l \left( c^{\dagger}_{i}, c^{\dagger}_{i+a} \right) O
\left(c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i}, c^{\phantom\dagger}_{i+a} \right)^{T} }
\end{equation}
Here is how this translates in the code.
\lstset{style=fortran}
\begin{lstlisting}
Allocate(Op_V(Latt%N,N_FL))
do nf = 1,N_FL
do i = 1, N_coord*Ndim
call Op_make(Op_V(i,nf),2)
enddo
enddo
Do nc = 1, Latt%N ! Runs over bonds = # of lattice sites in one-dimension.
I1 = nc
I2 = Latt%nnlist(I1,1,0)
Op_V(nc,1)%P(1) = I1
Op_V(nc,1)%P(2) = I2
Op_V(nc,1)%O(1,2) = cmplx(1.d0 ,0.d0, kind(0.D0))
Op_V(nc,1)%O(2,1) = cmplx(1.d0 ,0.d0, kind(0.D0))
Op_V(nc,1)%g = SQRT(CMPLX( DTAU*Ham_Vint/2.d0, 0.D0, kind(0.D0)))
Op_V(nc,1)%alpha = cmplx(0d0,0.d0, kind(0.D0))
Op_V(nc,1)%type =2
Call Op_set( Op_V(nc,1) )
enddo
\end{lstlisting}
\item Finally you will have to update the \texttt{Obser} and \texttt{ObserT} routines for the calculation of the equal and time displaced correlations. For the \texttt{t\_V} model you can essentially use the same observables as for the \texttt{Hubbard\_SU(2)} model.
\end{itemize}
You can now run the code for various values of $V/t$. A Jordan-Wigner transformation will map the \texttt{t\_V} model onto the XXZ chain:
\begin{equation}
H = J_{xx} \sum_{i} S^{x}_i S^{x}_{i+a} + S^{y}_i S^{y}_{i+a} + J_{zz} \sum_{i}S^{z}_i S^{z}_{i +a}
\end{equation}
with $J_{zz} = V $ and $J_{xx} = 2t$. Hence when $V/t = 2$ we reproduce the Heisenberg model. For $V/t > 2$ the model is in the Ising regime with long-range charge density wave order and is an insulator. In the regime $ -2 < V/t < 2$ the model is metallic and corresponds to a Luttinger liquid. Finally, at $ V/t < - 2$ phase separation between hole rich and electron rich phases occur. Fig.~\ref{tV.fig} shows typical results.
\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=.8]{Figures/tV.pdf}
\end{center}
\caption{ \label{tV.fig} Density-Density correlation functions of the t-V model. In the Luttinger liquid phase, $-2 < V/t < 2$ it is known that the density -density correlations decay as
$ \langle n(r) n(0)\rangle \propto \cos(\pi r) r^{-\left(1+K_\rho \right) } $ with $\left(1+K_\rho \right)^{-1}= \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{\pi} \arcsin \left( \frac{V}{2 | t | }\right) $
(A. Luther and I. Peschel, Calculation of critical exponents in two dimensions from quantum field theory in one dimension, Phys. Rev. B 12 (1975), 3908.) The interested reader can try to reproduce this result. }
\end{figure}
\subsection*{(b)} How would you use the code to carry out simulations at $V/t < 0 $?
\end{document}
Tutorial/Exercise_1/Start/analysis.sh 0 → 100755
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export ANNAL=${DIR}"/Analysis/"
for filename in *_scal; do
echo $filename
export filename1=$filename"J"
# if [ "$filename1" -ot "$filename" ]; then
cp $filename Var_scal
$ANNAL/cov_scal.out
mv "Var_scalJ" $filename"J"
for filename2 in Var_scal_Auto_*; do
if [ -e "${filename2}" ]; then
NewName=`echo ${filename2} | sed s/Var_scal/${filename}/`
mv $filename2 $NewName
fi
done
rm Var_scal
# fi
done
for filename in *_eq; do
echo $filename
export filename1=$filename"J"
# if [ "$filename1" -ot "$filename" ]; then
ln $filename ineq
$ANNAL/cov_eq.out
mv "equalJ" $filename"JK"
mv "equalJR" $filename"JR"
for filename2 in Var_eq_Auto_Tr*; do
if [ -e "${filename2}" ]; then
NewName=`echo ${filename2} | sed s/Var_eq/${filename}/`
mv $filename2 $NewName
fi
done
rm ineq
# fi
done
for filename in *_tau; do
echo $filename
ln $filename intau
$ANNAL/cov_tau.out
rm intau
for filename1 in g_*; do
echo $filename1
export Name=`echo ${filename} | sed s/_tau//`
export Dir=`echo ${filename1} | sed s/g_/${Name}_/`
echo $Dir
if [ ! -e $Dir ]; then
mkdir $Dir
fi
cd $Dir
mv ../$filename1 .
cd ..
done
done
Tutorial/Exercise_1/Start/out_to_in.sh 0 → 100644
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declare -i n
declare -i n1
n1=`ls confout_* | wc -l`
let n=0
let n1=n1-1
while [ $n -le $n1 ];
do
export file_out="confout_"$n
export file_in="confin_"$n
echo $file_out $file_in
mv $file_out $file_in
let n=n+1
done
Tutorial/Exercise_1/Start/parameters 0 → 100644
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!===============================================================================
! Variables for the Hubb program
!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
&VAR_lattice
L1 = 4
L2 = 1
Lattice_type = "Square"
Model = "Hubbard_Mz" ! Hubbard_SU2, Hubbard_Mz
/
&VAR_Hubbard
ham_T = 1.0D0
ham_chem= 0.0D0
ham_U = 4.0
Beta = 2.0
dtau = 0.1
/
&VAR_QMC
Nwrap = 10
NSweep = 1000
NBin = 10
Ltau = 1
LOBS_ST = 1
LOBS_EN = 100
CPU_MAX = 0.1
/
&VAR_errors
n_skip = 2
N_rebin = 1
N_Cov = 0
N_auto = 4
/
! slash terminates namelist statement - DO NOT REMOVE
Tutorial/Exercise_1/Start/seeds 0 → 100644
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Tutorial/Exercise_2/Start/analysis.sh 0 → 100755
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export ANNAL=${DIR}"/Analysis/"
for filename in *_scal; do
echo $filename
export filename1=$filename"J"
# if [ "$filename1" -ot "$filename" ]; then
cp $filename Var_scal
$ANNAL/cov_scal.out
mv "Var_scalJ" $filename"J"
for filename2 in Var_scal_Auto_*; do
if [ -e "${filename2}" ]; then
NewName=`echo ${filename2} | sed s/Var_scal/${filename}/`
mv $filename2 $NewName
fi
done
rm Var_scal
# fi
done
for filename in *_eq; do
echo $filename
export filename1=$filename"J"
# if [ "$filename1" -ot "$filename" ]; then
ln $filename ineq
$ANNAL/cov_eq.out
mv "equalJ" $filename"JK"
mv "equalJR" $filename"JR"
for filename2 in Var_eq_Auto_Tr*; do
if [ -e "${filename2}" ]; then
NewName=`echo ${filename2} | sed s/Var_eq/${filename}/`
mv $filename2 $NewName
fi
done
rm ineq
# fi
done
for filename in *_tau; do
echo $filename
ln $filename intau
$ANNAL/cov_tau.out
rm intau
for filename1 in g_*; do
echo $filename1
export Name=`echo ${filename} | sed s/_tau//`
export Dir=`echo ${filename1} | sed s/g_/${Name}_/`
echo $Dir
if [ ! -e $Dir ]; then
mkdir $Dir
fi
cd $Dir
mv ../$filename1 .
cd ..
done
done
Tutorial/Exercise_2/Start/out_to_in.sh 0 → 100644
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declare -i n
declare -i n1
n1=`ls confout_* | wc -l`
let n=0
let n1=n1-1
while [ $n -le $n1 ];
do
export file_out="confout_"$n
export file_in="confin_"$n
echo $file_out $file_in
mv $file_out $file_in
let n=n+1
done
Tutorial/Exercise_2/Start/parameters 0 → 100644
View file @ 51287787
!===============================================================================
! Variables for the Hubb program
!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
&VAR_lattice